Abstract Blastocerus dichotomus is the largest deer in South America. We have used 25 microsatellite markers detected and genotyped by Next Generation Sequencing to estimate the genetic variability of B. dichotomus in Argentina, where most of its populations are threatened. Primer design was based on the sequence of a shallow partial genome (15,967,456 reads; 16.66% genome coverage, mean depth 1.64) of a single individual. From the thousands of microsatellite loci found, even under high stringency selection, we chose and tested a set of 80 markers on 30 DNA samples extracted from tissue and feces from three Argentinean populations. Heterozygosity levels were low across all loci in all populations (H=0.31 to 0.40). Amplicon sequencing is a fast, easy, and affordable technique that can be very useful for the characterization of microsatellite marker sets for the conservation genetics of non-model organisms. This work is also one of the first ones to use amplicon sequencing in non-invasive samples and represents an important development for the study of threatened species.

Resumo Vinte e sete espécies de carnívoros terrestres (Ordem Carnivora) habitam a Argentina, representando 10.0% e 38.6% da diversidade global e neotropical, respectivamente. Foram avaliados os principais tópicos de pesquisa sobre carnívoros na Argentina nos últimos 25 anos (1994-2018), considerando os maiores desafios de conservação que o grupo enfrenta. Ecologia alimentar e espacial, conflitos com a produção animal, impacto da caça e de espécies invasoras e genética da conservação foram abordados para algumas das maiores e mais carismáticas espécies de carnívoros. Além disso, foram identificadas lacunas temáticas e taxonômicas e discutidas quais pesquisas são consideradas importantes para lidar com as principais necessidades de conservação e manejo. São necessários mais estudos sobre tópicos como o papel ecológico dos carnívoros nos ecossistemas (incluindo o papel dos carnívoros em projetos de renaturalização de ecossistemas), métodos de mitigação para reduzir conflitos, estado de conservação de espécies raras ou menos conspícuas e impactos de ameaças emergentes, como mudanças climáticas, doenças e expansão de populações de cães selvagens.

Abstract Twenty-seven species of terrestrial carnivores (Order Carnivora) inhabit Argentina, representing 10.0% and 38.6% of the global and Neotropical diversity of terrestrial carnivores, respectively. We evaluate the main topics of research on carnivores in Argentina over the past 25 years (1994-2018) considering the great conservation challenges the group faces. Feeding and spatial ecology, conflicts with livestock production, impacts of hunting and invasive species, and conservation genetics have been addressed for some of the more charismatic and larger-bodied carnivore species. Also, we identify thematic and taxonomic gaps and discuss what research we believe is important to deal with key conservation and management needs. Further studies are needed on topics like the ecological role of carnivores in ecosystems (including carnivores’ role in rewilding projects), mitigation methods to reduce conflict, conservation status of rare or less conspicuous species, and impacts of emerging threats like climate change, disease, and expansion of feral dog populations.

A fragment of 466 base pairs from a highly variable peripheral region of the mitochondrial D-loop of horses was amplified and analyzed by single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP). Fourteen distinct SSCP variants were detected in 100 horses belonging to four breeds (Arabian, ARB; Thoroughbred, TB; Argentinian Creole, ARC; and Peruvian Paso from Argentina, PPA). Each breed showed four to eight SSCP variants, many of which were shared between two or three of the studied breeds. Arabian horses were the most variable (eigth variants), with three variants unique to the breed. PPA and ARC showed two and one characteristic SSCP variants, respectively, while TB shared all its variants with at least one of the other breeds. An analysis based on the presence/absence of the variants revealed a closer relationship between PPA and TB, which was not completely unexpected considering the mixed ancestry of the PPA mares. The results also confirm the efficiency of SSCP to detect variability in horse mitochondrial DNA.